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Disease Profile

Thyroid dysgenesis

Prevalence
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.

1-9 / 100 000

US Estimated

Europe Estimated

Age of onset

Neonatal

ICD-10

E03.1

Inheritance

Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.

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Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.

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X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.

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X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.

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Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.

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Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

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Not applicable

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Other names (AKA)

Thyroid, ectopic; Thyroid hypoplasia; Thyroid agenesis

Categories

Congenital and Genetic Diseases; Endocrine Diseases

Summary

The following summary is from Orphanet, a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs.
orphanet

Orpha Number: 95720

Definition
Thyroid hypoplasia is a form of thyroid dysgenesis (see this term) characterized by incomplete development of the thyroid gland that results in primary congenital hypothyroidism (see this term), a permanent thyroid deficiency that is present from birth.

Epidemiology
Prevalence is estimated at around 1/28,000. Thyroid hypoplasia and athyreosis (see this term) combined account for one-third of cases of thyroid dysgenesis.

Clinical description
Clinical manifestations of thyroid hypoplasia are often subtle or not present at birth, probably as a result of trans-placental passage of some maternal thyroid hormone or due to the fact that many infants have some thyroid production of their own. More specific symptoms and signs do not develop until several months of age. Common clinical features and signs include decreased activity and increased sleep, feeding difficulty and constipation, prolonged jaundice, myxedematous facies, large fontanels (especially posterior), macroglossia, a distended abdomen with umbilical hernia, and hypotonia. Goiter is always absent. Slow linear growth and developmental delay are usually apparent by 4-6 months of age. Without treatment thyroid hypoplasia results in severe intellectual deficit and short stature.

Etiology
Familial cases of thyroid hypoplasia are caused by mutations in the FOXE1, NKX2-1, NKX2-5 or PAX8 genes (9q22, 14q13, 5q34 and 2q12-q14). Mutations that result in partial inactivation of the TSHR gene (14q31) can present with thyroid hypoplasia.

Diagnostic methods
Imaging studies are required to confirm the diagnosis.

Genetic counseling
Thyroid hypoplasia is generally thought to be sporadic. However, recent evidence points to the possibility of a genetic component. Around 2% of cases have been shown to be familial.

Visit the Orphanet disease page for more resources.

Symptoms

This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.

Medical Terms Other Names
Learn More:
HPO ID
80%-99% of people have these symptoms
Abdominal distention
Abdominal bloating
Abdominal swelling
Belly bloating
Bloating

[ more ]

0003270
Coarse facial features
Coarse facial appearance
0000280
Constipation
0002019
Fatigue
Tired
Tiredness

[ more ]

0012378
Hypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid
0000821
Jaundice
Yellow skin
Yellowing of the skin

[ more ]

0000952
Large fontanelles
Wide fontanelles
0000239
Macroglossia
Abnormally large tongue
Increased size of tongue
Large tongue

[ more ]

0000158
Muscular hypotonia
Low or weak muscle tone
0001252
Thyroid hypoplasia
Small thyroid gland
0005990
30%-79% of people have these symptoms
Global developmental delay
0001263
Intellectual disability, severe
Early and severe mental retardation
Mental retardation, severe
Severe mental retardation

[ more ]

0010864
Short stature
Decreased body height
Small stature

[ more ]

0004322
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO
Autosomal dominant inheritance
0000006
Bradycardia
Slow heartbeats
0001662
Congenital hypothyroidism
Underactive thyroid gland from birth
0000851
Delayed skeletal maturation
Delayed bone maturation
Delayed skeletal development

[ more ]

0002750
Dry skin
0000958
Ectopic thyroid
Abnormal thryoid location
0100028
Feeding difficulties in infancy
0008872
Generalized hypotonia
Decreased muscle tone
Low muscle tone

[ more ]

0001290
Goiter
Enlarged thyroid gland in neck
0000853
Growth delay
Delayed growth
Growth deficiency
Growth failure
Growth retardation
Poor growth
Retarded growth

[ more ]

0001510
Hoarse cry
0001615
Hyperbilirubinemia
High blood bilirubin levels
0002904
Hypothermia
Abnormally low body temperature
0002045
Increased thyroid-stimulating hormone level
0002925
Large posterior fontanelle
0004491
Lethargy
0001254
Stridor
0010307
Thyroid agenesis
0008191
Umbilical hernia
0001537

Diagnosis

Making a diagnosis for a genetic or rare disease can often be challenging. Healthcare professionals typically look at a person’s medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory test results in order to make a diagnosis. The following resources provide information relating to diagnosis and testing for this condition. If you have questions about getting a diagnosis, you should contact a healthcare professional.

Testing Resources

  • The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about the genetic tests for this condition. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional.

Learn more

These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

In-Depth Information

  • The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
  • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 
  • Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
  • PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss Thyroid dysgenesis. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.