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Disease Profile

X-linked visceral heterotaxy 1

Prevalence
Prevalence estimates on Rare Medical Network websites are calculated based on data available from numerous sources, including US and European government statistics, the NIH, Orphanet, and published epidemiologic studies. Rare disease population data is recognized to be highly variable, and based on a wide variety of source data and methodologies, so the prevalence data on this site should be assumed to be estimated and cannot be considered to be absolutely correct.

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US Estimated

Europe Estimated

Age of onset

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ICD-10

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Inheritance

Autosomal dominant A pathogenic variant in only one gene copy in each cell is sufficient to cause an autosomal dominant disease.

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Autosomal recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of each gene of the chromosome are needed to cause an autosomal recessive disease and observe the mutant phenotype.

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X-linked
dominant X-linked dominant inheritance, sometimes referred to as X-linked dominance, is a mode of genetic inheritance by which a dominant gene is carried on the X chromosome.

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X-linked
recessive Pathogenic variants in both copies of a gene on the X chromosome cause an X-linked recessive disorder.

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Mitochondrial or multigenic Mitochondrial genetic disorders can be caused by changes (mutations) in either the mitochondrial DNA or nuclear DNA that lead to dysfunction of the mitochondria and inadequate production of energy.

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Multigenic or multifactor Inheritance involving many factors, of which at least one is genetic but none is of overwhelming importance, as in the causation of a disease by multiple genetic and environmental factors.

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Not applicable

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Other names (AKA)

HTX1; Laterality, X-linked; Situs inversus, complex cardiac defects, and splenic defects, X-linked;

Summary

X-linked visceral heterotaxy type 1 is a very rare form of heterotaxy that has only been reported in a few families. Heterotaxy is the right/left transposition of thoracic and/or abdominal organs. This condition is caused by mutations in the ZIC3 gene, is inherited in an X-linked recessive fashion, and is usually seen in males.[1] Physical features include heart abnormalities such as dextrocardia, transposition of great vessels, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonic stenosis; situs inversus, and missing (asplenia) and/or extra spleens (polysplenia).[2] Affected individuals can also experience abnormalities in the development of the midline of the body, which can cause holoprosencephaly , myelomeningocele, urological anomalies, widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), cleft palate, and abnormalities of the sacral spine and anus. Heterotaxia with recurrent respiratory infections are called primary ciliary dyskinesia.[1]

Symptoms

This table lists symptoms that people with this disease may have. For most diseases, symptoms will vary from person to person. People with the same disease may not have all the symptoms listed. This information comes from a database called the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) . The HPO collects information on symptoms that have been described in medical resources. The HPO is updated regularly. Use the HPO ID to access more in-depth information about a symptom.

Medical Terms Other Names
Learn More:
HPO ID
1%-4% of people have these symptoms
Abdominal situs inversus
0003363
Anal atresia
Absent anus
0002023
Asplenia
Absent spleen
0001746
Double outlet right ventricle
0001719
Horseshoe kidney
Horseshoe kidneys
0000085
Low-set ears
Low set ears
Lowset ears

[ more ]

0000369
Omphalocele
0001539
Patent ductus arteriosus
0001643
Single ventricle
0001750
Transposition of the great arteries
0001669
Percent of people who have these symptoms is not available through HPO
Absence of the sacrum
0010305
Atrial septal defect
An opening in the wall separating the top two chambers of the heart
Hole in heart wall separating two upper heart chambers

[ more ]

0001631
Biliary atresia
0005912
Cardiomegaly
Enlarged heart
Increased heart size

[ more ]

0001640
Common atrium
0011565
Cyanosis
Blue discoloration of the skin
0000961
Dextrocardia
Heart tip and four chambers point towards right side of body
0001651
Failure to thrive
Faltering weight
Weight faltering

[ more ]

0001508
Hypertelorism
Wide-set eyes
Widely spaced eyes

[ more ]

0000316
Mitral atresia
0011560
Polysplenia
Multiple small spleens
0001748
Posteriorly placed anus
0012890
Pulmonic stenosis
Narrowing of pulmonic valve
0001642
Renal agenesis
Absent kidney
Missing kidney

[ more ]

0000104
Respiratory distress
Breathing difficulties
Difficulty breathing

[ more ]

0002098
Ventricular septal defect
Hole in heart wall separating two lower heart chambers
0001629
X-linked recessive inheritance
0001419

Diagnosis

Making a diagnosis for a genetic or rare disease can often be challenging. Healthcare professionals typically look at a person’s medical history, symptoms, physical exam, and laboratory test results in order to make a diagnosis. The following resources provide information relating to diagnosis and testing for this condition. If you have questions about getting a diagnosis, you should contact a healthcare professional.

Testing Resources

  • The Genetic Testing Registry (GTR) provides information about the genetic tests for this condition. The intended audience for the GTR is health care providers and researchers. Patients and consumers with specific questions about a genetic test should contact a health care provider or a genetics professional.

    Organizations

    Support and advocacy groups can help you connect with other patients and families, and they can provide valuable services. Many develop patient-centered information and are the driving force behind research for better treatments and possible cures. They can direct you to research, resources, and services. Many organizations also have experts who serve as medical advisors or provide lists of doctors/clinics. Visit the group’s website or contact them to learn about the services they offer. Inclusion on this list is not an endorsement by GARD.

    Organizations Providing General Support

      Learn more

      These resources provide more information about this condition or associated symptoms. The in-depth resources contain medical and scientific language that may be hard to understand. You may want to review these resources with a medical professional.

      Where to Start

      • Genetics Home Reference (GHR) contains information on X-linked visceral heterotaxy 1. This website is maintained by the National Library of Medicine.

        In-Depth Information

        • Medscape Reference has information on situs inversus. You may need to register to view this medical reference, but registration is free.
        • The Monarch Initiative brings together data about this condition from humans and other species to help physicians and biomedical researchers. Monarch’s tools are designed to make it easier to compare the signs and symptoms (phenotypes) of different diseases and discover common features. This initiative is a collaboration between several academic institutions across the world and is funded by the National Institutes of Health. Visit the website to explore the biology of this condition.
        • Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders. Each entry has a summary of related medical articles. It is meant for health care professionals and researchers. OMIM is maintained by Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. 
        • Orphanet is a European reference portal for information on rare diseases and orphan drugs. Access to this database is free of charge.
        • PubMed is a searchable database of medical literature and lists journal articles that discuss X-linked visceral heterotaxy 1. Click on the link to view a sample search on this topic.

          References

          1. Bouvagnet P. Heterotaxia. Orphanet. July 2006; https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=EN&Expert=450. Accessed 11/9/2011.
          2. ZIC3. Genetics Home Reference. November 2011; https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/ZIC3. Accessed 11/9/2011.